Neolithic villages large enough to have rural and urban features are called proto-cities to distinguish them from cities beginning with Eridu.Ī bronze saw from the archaeological site of Akrotiri - Museum of prehistoric Thera - Santorini, Greece. There is also evidence of prefabrication of the stonework the symmetrical geometric arrays of stone clearly indicate that the builders of Stonehenge had mastered sophisticated surveying methods. The now ruinous remains are of post and lintel construction and include massive sandstone lintels which were located on supporting uprights by means of mortise and tenon joints the lintels themselves being end-jointed by the use of tongue and groove joints. The most remarkable Neolithic structure in Western Europe is the iconic megalith known as Stonehenge, regarded by some archaeologists as displaying methods of timber construction such as at woodhenge translated into stone, a process known as petrification. Neolithic architecture ranges from the tent to the megalith (an arrangement of large stones) and rock-cut architecture which are frequently temples, tombs, and dwellings. In all cases of timber framed and log structures in these very early cultures, only the very lowest parts of the walls and post holes are unearthed in archaeological excavations, making reconstruction of the upper parts of these buildings largely conjectural. One of the largest structures of this period was the Neolithic long house. The first mud bricks, formed with the hands rather than wooden moulds, belong to the Neolithic period and were found in Jericho. The absence of metal tools placed limitations on the materials that could be worked, but it was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures with ingenuity using dry stone walling techniques such as at Skara Brae in Scotland, Europe's most complete Neolithic village. Because of this, what little can be said about very early construction is mostly conjecture and based on what is known about the way nomadic hunter-gatherers and herdsmen in remote areas build shelters today. The very simplest shelters, tents, leave no traces. They were built self-sufficiently by their inhabitants rather than by specialist builders, using locally available materials and traditional designs and methods, which together are called vernacular architecture.Ī reconstruction of a neolithic fortified village showing a palisade wall and stilt houses at the Pfahlbau Museum Unteruhldingen, Germany. In addition to living in caves and rock shelters, the first buildings were simple shelters, tents like the Inuit's tupiq, and huts sometimes built as pit-houses meant to suit the basic needs of protection from the elements and sometimes as fortifications for safety such as the crannog. For example, the first bridges made by humans were probably simply wooden logs placed across a stream and later timber trackways. Various tools for cutting were used such as the hand axe, chopper, adze, and celt, as well as tools to scrape or chop, such as the flake tool, and tools to pound, pierce, roll, pull and lever.īuilding materials included bones such as mammoth ribs, hide, stone, metal, bark, bamboo, clay, lime plaster, and more. The tools available were made from natural materials, including bone, hide, stone, wood, grasses, animal fibers, and water. The Neolithic, also known as the New Stone Age, was a time period roughly from 9000 BC to 5000 BC named because it was the last period of the age before woodworking began. Chronological development Neolithic construction Ī reconstruction of a pit-house type dwelling made with mammoth bones The fields allow both modern and ancient construction to be analyzed, as well as the structures, building materials, and tools used.Ĭonstruction has evolved and undergone different trends over time, marked by a few key principles: durability of the materials used, increase in building height and span, the degree of control exercised over the interior environment, and finally, the energy available for the construction process. The history of construction embraces many other fields, including structural engineering, civil engineering, city growth and population growth, which are relatives to branches of technology, science, history, and architecture. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) JSTOR ( July 2022) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.įind sources: "History of construction" – news Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.
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